05 September 2025
: Case report 
Postoperative Residual Pleural Space: A Risk Factor for Chest Wall Hernia After Thoracoscopic Surgery
Unknown etiology, Rare disease
Arpad Hasenauer
ABCDEF 1*, Anna Dambrosio ABCDEF 2, Sebastian Happ ABCDEF 3, Michel Christodoulou ABCDEF 1
DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.947322
Am J Case Rep 2025; 26:e947322
Figure 1 Case 1: Subcutaneous air protrusion and persistent residual air space after surgery. Fourth intercostal incision site 1 month after surgery is shown during (A) inspiration and (B) coughing, revealing the subcutaneous protrusion of air through the chest wall incision. (C) Chest X-ray reveals a persistent residual air space (arrows).