22 November 2023
: Case report 
A 21-Year-Old Woman with Sickle Cell Disease and Vaso-Occlusive Pain Associated with Using an Electronic Nicotine Dispensing System (E-Cigarette or Vape) – a Case Report
Rare disease, Adverse events of drug therapy, Clinical situation which can not be reproduced for ethical reasons
Ganga Girish
1ABEF, Bingtao Xiang2AEF, Lewis L. Hsu 3AEF*
DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.941268
Am J Case Rep 2023; 24:e941268
Table 1. Sickle cell disease (SCD) genotypes. All genotypes can have manifestations of sickle disease: rigid deformation of red blood cells, hemolytic anemia, ischemic organ damage, and vaso-occlusive pain [1–3]. Very rare genotypes are not listed.
| Genotype | Comments |
|---|---|
| SCD-SS | Each parent contributes an HbS allele, resulting in homozygosity, commonly known as SS or sickle cell anemia. This genotype comprises the majority of SCD in the United States |
| SCD-SC | One parent contributes an HbS allele, and the other parent provides an abnormal HbC allele |
| SCD-S beta thalassemia | One parent contributes an HbS allele and the other provides an allele for beta thalassemia (abnormal Hb); either SCD-HbSbeta0 (severe) or SCD-HbSbeta+ (milder) |
| SCD-SD also known asSCD-SD | Inheriting an HbS allele and an HbD allele results in this type, which is rare in the United States |
| SCD-SE | Inheriting an HbS allele and an HbE allele results in this type, which is rare in the United States |
| SCD-SO | Inheriting an HbS allele and an HbO allele results in this type, which is rare in the United States |
| Other rare types are not listed |