03 June 2024
: Case report
Orbital Metastasis as the First Manifestation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, and Its Effective Treatment with Combined Dual Immunotherapy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Unusual clinical course, Unusual setting of medical care
Jirapat Wonglhow


DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.944002
Am J Case Rep 2024; 25:e944002
Table 1. Review of the literature: 45 cases of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and orbital metastasis.
Number | Author | Year | Sex | Age (years) | Cirrhosis etiology | Known HCC | Treatment | Survival |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Lubin et al []35 | 1980 | M | 69 | Alcohol | No | RT | Alive |
2 | Zubler et al []36 | 1981 | M | 64 | Alcohol | No | RT | 3 months |
3 | Wakisaka et al []37 | 1990 | M | 58 | NA | No | Surgery | 11 months |
4 | Phanthumchinda and Hemachuda []38 | 1992 | F | 29 | NA | No | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
5 | Tranfa et al []39 | 1994 | M | 85 | NA | No | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
6 | Schwab et al []40 | 1994 | M | 19 | NA | No | BSC | 1 month |
7 | Loo et al []41 | 1994 | F | 71 | HBV | No | BSC | Loss F/U after 3 months |
8 | Font et al []42 | 1998 | F | 79 | HCV | No | RT | Alive at 3 years |
9 | Scolyer et al []43 | 1999 | M | 78 | HCV | Yes | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
10 | Filippini et al []44 | 2000 | M | 71 | HBV | No | BSC | 3 months |
11 | Kim et al []45 | 2000 | F | 56 | HBV | No | Not mentioned | 3 months |
12 | Gupta et al []15 | 2005 | M | 45 | HBV | No | BSC | Loss of follow-up |
13 | Oida et al []21 | 2006 | M | 72 | HCV | Yes (12 years) | Surgery, TACE | 4 months |
14 | Machado-Netto et al []46 | 2006 | M | 57 | HBV | No | Gemcitabine plus megestrol | 15 months |
15 | Srinivasan and Krishnanand []3 | 2007 | F | 76 | NA | No | BSC | Not mentioned |
16 | Hirunwiwatkul et al []47 | 2008 | F | 74 | Alcohol | No | BSC | 2 months |
17 | Pitts et al []31 | 2008 | F | 61 | Alcohol | No | RT | Died |
18 | 2008 | M | 47 | HBV | No | BSC | 6 weeks | |
19 | Fonseca junior et al []48 | 2008 | M | 57 | HBV | No | Not mentioned | 15 months |
20 | Quick et al []4 | 2009 | M | 52 | HCV | Yes (1 month) | RT, sorafenib | Alive at 20 months |
21 | Kolarevic et al []49 | 2011 | M | 70 | NA | No | 5-FU | 6 months |
22 | Mustapha and Madachi []50 | 2011 | M | 25 | HBV | No | BSC | 5 weeks |
23 | Guerriero et al []51 | 2011 | M | 45 | NA | Yes (12 months) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
24 | Jiang et al []52 | 2012 | M | 44 | NA | Yes (18 months) | RT | Not mentioned |
25 | Piccirillo et al []53 | 2013 | M | 66 | HBV | yes | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
26 | Eldesouky et al []54 | 2014 | M | 62 | HCV | Yes (18 months) | Not mentioned | 8–13 months |
27 | 2014 | M | 70 | HCV | No | Not mentioned | ||
28 | 2014 | M | 55 | HCV | Yes (12 months) | Not mentioned | ||
29 | 2014 | M | 65 | HCV | No | Not mentioned | ||
30 | 2014 | M | 47 | HCV | No | Not mentioned | ||
31 | 2014 | M | 62 | HCV | Yes (14 months) | Not mentioned | Alive at 6 months | |
32 | Chen et al []32 | 2015 | M | 43 | HBV | Yes (5 months) | Surgery | Not mentioned |
33 | Tellez-Villajos et al []55 | 2015 | F | 70 | HCV | Yes (36 months) | RT | Alive at 4 months |
34 | Geske et al []29 | 2017 | F | 56 | HCV | No | RT | 1 months |
35 | 2017 | M | 59 | HCV | No | RT | 11 months | |
36 | 2017 | M | 63 | HCV | Yes | Surgery | 8 months | |
37 | Kader et al []56 | 2018 | M | 60 | HBV | Yes (12 months) | RT | 1 months |
38 | Salem et al []57 | 2019 | M | 56 | HCV | No | RT | Not mentioned |
39 | Sochat et al []33 | 2019 | M | 60 | HCV | No | Embolization, surgery, RT, sorafenib | PD at 6 months, then regorafenib, nivolumab, alive |
40 | Madabhavi et al []34 | 2020 | M | 72 | HBV | No | Sorafenib | Alive at 7 months |
41 | Protopapa et al []30 | 2020 | M | 53 | Alcohol | No | RT | No |
42 | Myint et al []14 | 2020 | M | 57 | No | No | BSC | No |
43 | Baldovin et al []20 | 2021 | M | 62 | Alcohol | Yes (18 months) | Surgery | 17 days |
44 | Rana et al []12 | 2021 | M | 66 | HCV | No | RT, sorafenib | Alive with palliative care |
45 | Mani et al []13 | 2023 | F | 54 | HCV | Yes (5 months) | RT, atezolizumab plus bevacizumab | 6 months |
F – Female; M – Male; HCV – hepatitis C virus; HBV – hepatitis B virus; NA – not available; RT – radiotherapy; BSC – best supportive care; TACE – transarterial chemoembolization. |