30 March 2026
: Case report 
Invasive Necrotizing Tracheobronchial Aspergillosis in Children: A Case Series and Literature Review
Rare disease
Fang Jin ABCDEF 1,2, Xiaofen Tao BF 1,2, Hujun Wu
D 1,2, Lei Wu AF 1,2, Yingshuo Wang F 1*
DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.950588
Am J Case Rep 2026; 27:e950588
Table 1 Summary of reported invasive tracheobronchial aspergillosis cases over the past 5 years.
| 2022 | 2024 | 2021 | 2025 | 2025 | |
| Katayama et al []11 | Ikeda et al []12 | Wang et al []13 | He et al []14 | Oh et al []15 | |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 73 | 75 | 54 | 87 | 57 | |
| Male | Male | Male | Male | Female | |
| Lymphoma | Mediastinal lung adenocarcinoma | Endobronchial lipoma | Coronavirus disease 2019 | Coronavirus disease 2019 | |
| Persistent diarrhea, fever, and malaise | 2-week history of progressive dyspnea | Intermittent cough with hemoptysis episodes for 1 month | Fever, cough, and sputum production | Hypoxia on post-transplant day 8 | |
| Diarrhea, fever, and malaise | Dyspnea | Cough | Fever, cough, sputum production, sudden onset of shortness of breath, irritability, lethargy, and decreased oxygenation | Hypoxia | |
| Consolidation with air bronchograms, bronchial wall thickening, patchy opacities, and bilateral pleural effusion | Prominent stenosis of the tracheal bifurcation and bilateral main bronchi with extratracheal air | Oval-shaped fat-density lesion at the origin of the right main bronchus | Multiple high-density bilateral pulmonary opacities with heterogeneous density and indistinct margins, consistent with extensive bilateral pulmonary inflammation and viral pneumonia | Multiple nodular consolidations, including a reverse halo sign in the right middle lobe | |
| Diffuse tracheobronchitis with widespread cream-colored, soft, easily removable plaques extending from the main carina to the bilateral main bronchi and segmental bronchi | Marginally irregular tumor causing stenosis at the tracheal bifurcation | Complete occlusion of the right main bronchus by a smooth, yellowish, polypoid tumor | Yellowish-white, transparent pseudomembranes involving the subglottis, trachea, and bronchi | Multiple white plaques on the right main bronchial mucosa | |
| Liposomal amphotericin B | None | Voriconazole | Voriconazole | Micafungin, oral isavuconazole | |
| Not applicable | Not applicable | 1 year | 8 months | Not reported | |
| Died on day 10 of intensive care unit admission | Died on day 3 of admission | No evidence of fungal infection or recurrence | Died | Improved |