12 July 2020
: Case report 
Pneumatosis Intestinalis and Hepatic Portal Venous Gas: Watch and Wait or Emergency Surgery? A Case Report and Literature Review
Challenging differential diagnosis, Management of emergency care, Rare coexistence of disease or pathology
Rigers Dibra1ABEF, Arcangelo Picciariello1ABEF*, Giuseppe Trigiante1AF, Grazia Labellarte1AF, Giovanni Tota1AF, Vincenzo Papagni1ABEF, Gennaro Martines1AF, Donato F. Altomare1AEFDOI: 10.12659/AJCR.923831
Am J Case Rep 2020; 21:e923831
Table 1. Conditions that could require emergency surgery in patients with pneumatosis intestinalis.
| Decision-making in pneumatosis intestinalis | |
|---|---|
| Demographic, clinical presentation and physical examination | Age >60 years |
| Hemodynamic instability | |
| Peritonitis | |
| Adynamic ileus | |
| Laboratory and radiographic | Elevated WBC |
| Lactate ≥2 mmol/L | |
| Elevated INR | |
| Hepatic portal venous gas | |
| Small bowel location | |
| WBC – white blood cells; INR – international normalized ratio. | |