15 June 2021: Articles
A Case of Rapid Transformation from Hydatidiform Mole to Invasive Mole: The Importance of β-hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) Serum Levels in Follow-Up Evaluation
Unusual setting of medical care, Rare disease, Educational Purpose (only if useful for a systematic review or synthesis)
Ali Budi Harsono A , Yudi Mulyana Hidayat C , Gatot Nyarumenteng A. Winarno E* , Aisyah Shofiatun Nisa E , Firas Farisi Alkaff EDOI: 10.12659/AJCR.931156
Am J Case Rep 2021; 22:e931156
Table 2. Biomarkers that have been suggested to plays a role in the transformation from hydatidiform mole to invasive mole.
| Name of biomarker | Function | Normal placenta | Complete Hydatidiform Mole | Invasive Mole | Molar Malignancies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p57KIP2 [,,]16 | Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor in the G1/S phase cycle | Increased | Decreased/absent | Decreased/absent | Absent |
| P53 tumor suppresor [,]17 | Inhibiting the progression of the cell cycle in the G1→S phase/proapoptotic agent | Decreased | Increased | Higly increased | Higly increased |
| GTPase-activating proteins []18 | Inhibiting the throphoblast proliferation | Highly increased | Increased | Unknown | Absent |
| protein c-erbB2 [,]19 | Overexpression of the protein c-erb-B-2 was significantly more substantial in the complete hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma than in normal placenta and partial mole. This overexpression is due to the extravillous invasion of complete hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma. Overexpression of c-erb-B-2 may be associated with high proliferation and aggressive behavior of complete hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma | Decreased | Increased | Highly increased | Highly increased |
| Bcl-2 []20 | Antiapoptotic agent | Highly increased | Decreased | Decreased | Absent |
| Bax []21 | proapoptotic agent | Decreased/absent | Increased | Unknown | Highly increased |
| MMPs [,]22 | Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a involved in the degradation of the protein matrix to allow trophoblastic invasion of maternal tissue | Decreased/ absent | Increased | Increased | Highly increased |
| TIMPs [,]22 | Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) have an ability to inhibit MMP activity related to tumor growth and metastasis | Increased | Decreased | Decreased | Decreased |