21 February 2022: Articles
Successful Treatment for Isolated Bone Marrow Hodgkin Lymphoma in an Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Negative Patient
Challenging differential diagnosis, Rare disease
Razan Odeh12EF, Hamza Farhan Hamayel3EF*DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.935045
Am J Case Rep 2022; 23:e935045
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of lymphoid neoplasm characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in histopathology. It presents with swollen lymph nodes, and in advanced cases, it can involve bone marrow. Isolated and primary involvement of Hodgkin lymphoma in bone marrow is a very rare presentation, especially in an HIV-negative patient, and has a high mortality rate, even with appropriate management.
CASE REPORT: A 36-year-old male patient presented with a 6-month history of chills, night sweats, and generalized weakness. Laboratory investigations showed pancytopenia. A peripheral blood smear was unremarkable. A bone marrow biopsy revealed Reed-Sternberg cells, consistent with Hodgkin lymphoma. Further imaging did not show any lymphadenopathy, and the spleen was normal. Therefore, primary bone marrow Hodgkin lymphoma was diagnosed at stage IV, with an International Prognostic Score of 5 potential unfavorable factors. He was started on conventional chemotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma and received the first cycle of ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine) during his hospitalization. Meanwhile, he had fever without focus, and was managed empirically by broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment (piperacillin-tazobactam). Hospitalization lasted for 2 weeks. He continued to receive other cycles as an outpatient, with good clinical response. The patient remained in complete remission after 2 years.
CONCLUSIONS: Isolated Hodgkin lymphoma of bone marrow is a very rare scenario, especially in HIV-negative patients, with no established management for patients. Here, we report a patient successfully treated with a conventional chemotherapy protocol for Hodgkin lymphoma.
Keywords: Hodgkin Disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Bone Marrow, Adult, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols, Dacarbazine, HIV, HIV Infections, Humans, Male, Vinblastine
Background
Hodgkin lymphoma accounts for approximately 10% of all lymphoma cases [1] and characteristically presents with superficial lymphadenopathy [2]. Bone marrow involvement by Hodgkin lymphoma was reported in an average of 10% of cases, with a higher incidence in the advanced stage [3].
Isolated bone marrow involvement without nodal or extra-nodal manifestation is a very rare presentation, mainly in HIV-negative patients. Only 5 cases were reported as isolated bone marrow Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV-negative patients [4–8], and 2 of them were successfully treated [6,8]. In this report, we are presenting a case of a 36-year-old man who presented with a history of chills and pancytopenia, was diagnosed with isolated bone marrow Hodgkin lymphoma, and was successfully treated by conventional chemotherapy.
Case Report
A 36-year-old man with a 20-pack-year history of smoking and otherwise unremarkable past medical or family history of hematological disease presented with a 6-month history of generalized weakness, night sweats, and chills. He denied a history of weight loss, fever, itching, skin rash, bleeding tendency, and swelling. During this initial evaluation, he was found to have pancytopenia, according to the referral report, with the only available hemoglobin result of 4 g/dL. Other parameters of complete blood counts were not reported. He received 2 units of blood and was planned for further investigation at our hospital. There was a delay in referral due to barrier restrictions between Gaza and the West Bank.
Upon admission to our hospital, he was hemodynamically stable, afebrile, and looked pale. The examination was unre-markable, with no palpable lymph nodes. The liver and spleen were not palpable. A complete blood count showed pancytopenia (hemoglobin 7.4 g/dL, MCV 88 fL, WBC 2800 cells/μL, ANC 1660 cells/μL, platelets 102×109/L, LDH 149 U/L, albumin 3.3 g/dL). Serological and microbiological tests did not show any pathogens, including HIV and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). A peripheral blood smear showed only pancytopenia, with no abnormal cells. Accordingly, a bone marrow biopsy and aspiration were done, which showed 80% cellularity and no blast cells. There was an infiltrate of the fibrotic nodule with large atypical cells with binucleation and multinucleation with prominent red nucleoli, which were positive for cluster of differentiation (CD) 30 and focally faintly positive for PAX 5. They were negative for CD 20, CD 79a, CD 3, CD 15, CD 45, ALK-1, and EMA. These findings were suggestive of Hodgkin lymphoma. Chest, abdomen, and pelvis computed tomography scanning did not show lymphadenopathy, masses, or abnormal spleen. As we could not do positron emission tomography (PET) scan, another opinion for the result of bone marrow was taken from the King Hussein Hospital, who confirmed the diagnosis of isolated bone marrow Hodgkin lymphoma.
The following day, he developed a spike of fever up to 39°C, with high inflammatory markers. He was neutropenic, and there was no clinical focus for fever. We put him in an isolated room, blood and urine cultures were obtained, and then he was started on broad-spectrum antibiotics (piperacillin-tazobactam). Within a few days, he improved clinically. The cultures remained clear, but he still had spiking fever. We started him on ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine) chemotherapy. Over the following days, the fever subsided, and C-reactive protein levels returned to normal. He was discharged from the hospital and continued his chemotherapy treatment as an outpatient. The total duration of hospital admission was 14 days.
The patient received a total of 6 cycles of ABVD as an out-patient, with an excellent response. A PET scan at the end of treatment showed no active uptake at any site. A bone marrow biopsy was repeated showing no infiltration. He had complete remission and is currently on regular surveillance by laboratory and physical examination every 3 months. His last follow-up was 2 years after diagnosis, and his complete blood counts were as follows: hemoglobin 13.5 g/dL, MCV 85 fL, WBC 6500 cells/μL, ANC 4700 cells/μL, and platelets 160×109/L.
Discussion
Typical presentations of Hodgkin lymphoma are asymptomatic lymphadenopathy or mass identified by physical examination or imaging investigations [9], which were absent in our case. B symptoms, including fever, night sweats, and weight loss present in about 30% of cases [10], and their presence usually indicates adverse outcomes [2]. Bone marrow involvement in Hodgkin lymphoma is uncommon, reported as a range of 5% to 16% [3,11–13]. Primary bone marrow lymphoma is diagnosed by pathologically confirmed bone marrow involvement; in addition to the absence of lymph node, liver, or spleen involvement by physical examination or imaging investigations, it also needs to exclude other leukemia/lymphomas that primarily involve bone marrow [9]. In our patient, Reed-Sternberg cells from the bone marrow sample were positive for CD 30, which was suggestive for Hodgkin lymphoma, but it was negative for CD 15. However, CD 15 is less frequently expressed [14]. Our patient had stage IV Hodgkin lymphoma with an International Prognostic Score (IPS) of 5, matching the criteria for primary bone marrow Hodgkin lymphoma.
There are very few reported cases of primary bone marrow Hodgkin lymphoma, and most reports were of HIV-positive patients or were associated with EBV, which is found in all cases of HIV patients with Hodgkin lymphoma, indicating its role in pathogenesis [8]. Our case was negative for both, which was a very rare scenario.
Primary bone marrow Hodgkin lymphoma has a very poor prognosis, even with treatment. Conventional treatment for advanced Hodgkin lymphoma consists of combination chemo-therapy with ABVD [15–17]. Prognosis is determined by IPS [18]. Our patient had 5 potential unfavorable factors, which means that with treatment, he had a predicted 5-year progression-free survival of approximately 42% and an over 5-year overall survival of 56%. However, this was not consistent with reported cases of patients with HIV-negative primary bone marrow Hodgkin lymphoma, as survival was very low in these cases [8]. Of the 4 reported patients treated with conventional ABVD chemotherapy, 2 survived, 1 survived for 15 months, and the remaining patient was subsequently treated with brentuximab vedotin-based chemotherapy [6,8]. Previous reports suggest that conventional chemotherapy using the CHOP or ABVD protocol can have a poor outcome [8]. However, we chose conventional ABVD chemotherapy because the risk of death due to sepsis was similar regardless of which chemotherapy was used, and because brentuximab vedotin-based therapy was only available for refractory Hodgkin lymphoma.
The main causes of death in previously reported cases were sepsis and multiorgan failure. We started broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics for his documented fever in the hospital, despite there being no clinical or radiologic focus for the source of fever. After the first week of chemotherapy, his clinical condition markedly improved, his fever subsided, and he was discharged to continue his chemotherapy as an outpatient.
Conclusions
Isolated bone marrow Hodgkin lymphoma is very rare and has a high mortality rate, and treatment with conventional chemotherapy could be effective and can be associated with improved survival. Also, early treatment for possible sepsis with broad-spectrum antibiotics could be helpful.
References:
1.. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A, Cancer statistics, 2017: Cancer J Clin, 2017; 67(1); 7-30
2.. Shanbhag S, Ambinder RF, Hodgkin lymphoma: A review and update on recent progress: Cancer J Clin, 2018; 68(2); 116-32
3.. Laurent C, Arber DA, Johnston P, Diagnosis of classic Hodgkin lymphoma on bone marrow biopsy: Histopathology, 2020; 76(7); 934-41
4.. Ponzoni M, Ciceri F, Crocchiolo R, Isolated bone marrow occurrence of classic Hodgkin’s lymphoma in an HIV-negative patient: Haematologica, 2006; 91(3); Ecr04
5.. Cacoub L, Touati S, Yver M, Isolated bone marrow Hodgkin lymphoma in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative patient: A second case: Leuk Lymphoma, 2014; 55(7); 1675-77
6.. Dholaria B, Alapat D, Arnaoutakis K, Primary bone marrow Hodgkin lymphoma in an HIV-negative patient: Int J Hematol, 2014; 99(4); 503-7
7.. Morita Y, Emoto M, Serizawa K, HIV-negative primary bone marrow Hodgkin lymphoma manifesting with a high fever associated with hemophagocytosis as the initial symptom: A case report and review of the previous literature: Intern Med J, 2015; 54(11); 1393-96
8.. Nagaharu K, Masuya M, Kageyama Y, Successful treatment of primary bone marrow Hodgkin lymphoma with brentuximab vedotin: A case report and review of the literature: J Med Case Rep, 2018; 12(1); 151
9.. Wang G, Chang Y, Wu X, Clinical features and prognostic factors of primary bone marrow lymphoma: Cancer Manag Res, 2019; 11; 2553
10.. Kaseb H, Babiker HM, Hodgkin Lymphoma: StatPearls, 2021, Treasure Island (FL), StatPearls Publishing
11.. Naidoo N, Abayomi A, Locketz C, Incidence of Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients at a tertiary hospital in South Africa (2005–2016) and comparison with other African countries: S Afr Med J, 2018; 108(7); 653-57
12.. Alzahrani MF, Alkahil MB, Alhusainy AA, High prevalence of bone marrow involvement and advanced disease in Saudi patients diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma: Cureus, 2021; 13(11); e19494
13.. Voltin CA, Goergen H, Baues C, Value of bone marrow biopsy in Hodgkin lymphoma patients staged by FDG PET: Results from the German Hodgkin Study Group trials HD16, HD17, and HD18: Ann Oncol, 2018; 29(9); 1926-31
14.. Wang HW, Balakrishna JP, Pittaluga S, Jaffe ES, Diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma in the modern era: Br J Haematol, 2019; 184(1); 45-59
15.. Ganesan P, Rajendranath R, Kannan K, Phase II study of interim PETCT-guided response-adapted therapy in advanced Hodgkin’s lymphoma: Ann Oncol, 2015; 26(6); 1170-74
16.. Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin’s lymphoma: New Engl J Med, 2016; 374(25); 2419-29
17.. Press OW, Li H, Schöder H, US Intergroup trial of response-adapted therapy for stage III to IV Hodgkin lymphoma using early interim fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography imaging: Southwest Oncology Group S0816: J Clin Oncol, 2016; 34(17); 2020-27
18.. Hoppe RT, Advani RH, Ai WZ, Hodgkin lymphoma, Version 2.2020, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2020; 18(6); 755-81
In Press
Case report
Aortic Homografts in Surgical Management of Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis: A Case Series from GreeceAm J Case Rep In Press; DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.945030
Case report
Retrograde Colonic Intussusception After Colonoscopy without Organic Pathology: A Case ReportAm J Case Rep In Press; DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.945423
Case report
Dual Hepatic Injury from Refeeding Syndrome and Starvation in a Malnourished Woman After Bariatric Surgery:...Am J Case Rep In Press; DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.944088
Case report
Rapid Healing of Palatal Necrosis with Active Oxygen Gel: A Case Report and Management StrategyAm J Case Rep In Press; DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.945135
Most Viewed Current Articles
21 Jun 2024 : Case report 58,089
Intracranial Parasitic Fetus in a Living Infant: A Case Study with Surgical Intervention and Prognosis Anal...DOI :10.12659/AJCR.944371
Am J Case Rep 2024; 25:e944371
07 Mar 2024 : Case report 42,685
Neurocysticercosis Presenting as Migraine in the United StatesDOI :10.12659/AJCR.943133
Am J Case Rep 2024; 25:e943133
10 Jan 2022 : Case report 32,469
A Report on the First 7 Sequential Patients Treated Within the C-Reactive Protein Apheresis in COVID (CACOV...DOI :10.12659/AJCR.935263
Am J Case Rep 2022; 23:e935263
23 Feb 2022 : Case report 19,983
Penile Necrosis Associated with Local Intravenous Injection of CocaineDOI :10.12659/AJCR.935250
Am J Case Rep 2022; 23:e935250