26 December 2022: Articles
Ureterolithiasis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Patients Treated with Single-Use Ureteroscope: A Case Report
Unusual clinical course, Clinical situation which can not be reproduced for ethical reasons
Lin Xiong1AF*, Nga-Nuen Loo2AF, Zhen-Quan Lu1AF, Xiang Xu1AF, Genggeng Wei1AFDOI: 10.12659/AJCR.938608
Am J Case Rep 2022; 23:e938608
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The number of HIV-positive patients is increasing worldwide. Such patients with upper urinary tract stones have been treated primarily with flexible ureteroscopy.
CASE REPORT: Two patients with HIV and upper urinary tract stones were treated with a single-use digital flexible ureteroscope between July 2021 and January 2022. Both cases were treated by transurethral ureteroscope lithotripsy with a Guangzhou Redpine single-use digital flexible ureteroscope. This is also the first reported case of using a disposable ureteral flexible scope to manage a patient with upper urinary tract stones in combination with HIV. The holmium laser power was set to 0.2-0.6j/20-50 Hz for fragmentation and 1.0-1.5j/10-20 Hz for the dusting of the stones. Renal stones larger than 1 cm were dusted to around 1 cm first, and then a lithotripsy basket was used to remove them. The f5 Polaris Ultra ureteral stent was implanted during the procedure. The operations went smoothly. Four weeks after surgery, CT scans revealed a 4 mm stone remnant in one case, and the ureteral stent was removed in both cases. After 3 months, a kidney, ureter, and bladder X-ray revealed no stones remaining in the case that had earlier shown a 4 mm stone residual. In both cases, the stone composition was made up of calcium oxalate monohydrate and calcium oxalate dihydrate stones.
CONCLUSIONS: A single-use flexible ureteroscope has a proven clinical benefit in treating HIV-combined upper urinary tract stones. After the operations, there were no urinary infections, bleeding, or other complications in either patient.
Keywords: HIV, Ureteroscopy, urolithiasis, Humans, Ureteral Calculi, Kidney Calculi, HIV Infections, Treatment Outcome
Background
The number of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is gradually increasing worldwide. Urolithiasis is among the most common urological diseases. The number of HIV-positive patients with upper urinary tract stones is increasing year by year. Flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy has become the primary treatment method for upper urinary tract stones. In the past, reusable flexible ureteroscopes (ru-fURS) were mainly used. However, ru-fURS are easy to damage, and their high maintenance cost also limits the large-scale use of the equipment. The single-use flexible ureteroscope has been gradually applied to clinical work and is gradually replacing ru-fURS. To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a single-use flexible ureteroscope (su-fURS) on HIV-positive patients, we retrospectively analyzed 2 cases of HIV-positive patients treated between July 2021 and January 2022 with upper urinary tract stones. The 2 cases are presented as follows.
Case Reports
In case 1, a male patient was admitted due to recurrent back pain for 1 week. The patient had a history of HIV for 8 years and had been taking antiretroviral drugs for 1 year. His CD4+ T lymphocyte count was ≥200 cells/µl. The urological CT examination (Figure 1) suggested a left ureteropelvic junction stone and a left kidney stone. The stone was 18×11×11 mm, with a maximum Hounsfield unit (HU) of 1139 and a mean HU of 968. The diagnosis was a left ureteropelvic junction stone and a left kidney stone. The patient underwent left transurethral flexible lithotripsy and left ureteral stenting. The operation was successful.
In case 2, a male patient was admitted due to recurrent intermittent right lumbar pain and discomfort. The patient had a history of HIV for 3 years and had been taking antiretroviral drugs for 2 years. The CD4+ T lymphocyte count was ≥200 cells/µl. The urological CT examination (Figure 2) suggested multiple renal stones in the right kidney. The stones were around 10 mm in diameter, with a maximum HU of 1365 and a mean HU of 1121. The diagnosis was right multiple renal calculi. The patient underwent right transurethral flexible lithotripsy and ureteral stenting. The operation was successful.
Before the surgery, we usually perform urological CT or CT urolography if necessary. We do not perform Retrograde Pyelogram. In both of the present cases, the surgery was performed in a lithotomy position with routine sterilization and draping. Firstly, the ureteroscope was placed into the ureter under direct vision and the guidewire was inserted around 30 cm. The ureteroscope was withdrawn and a ~37-cm ureteral flexible sheath was left in place. Then, we inserted the single-use digital flexible ureteroscope (Guangzhou Redpine) and observed the distance from the ureteroscope to the ureteropelvic junction. We then withdrew the ureteroscope and adjusted the uretero-scope sheath to slightly below the ureteropelvic junction. We used Lumines Holmium Laser fiber, with a fiber size of 200 µm. The holmium laser power was set to 0.2–0.6j/20–50 Hz for fragmentation and 1.0–1.5j/10–20 Hz for the dusting of the stones. The renal stones smaller than 1 cm were fragmented and removed with a tipless basket. Renal stones larger than 1 cm were dusted to around 1 cm first, and then a lithotripsy basket was used to remove them. Heavy stone loads were handled in multiple operations, with each operation restricted to 1.5 hours. An f5 Polaris Ultra ureteral stent tube remained in place following surgery (Figures 3, 4). The infrared stones’ component analysis in the 2 cases suggested both calcium oxalate monohydrate and calcium oxalate dihydrate.
The patient in case 1 underwent a CT scan which showed that there were 4-mm residual stones in the kidney. The ureteral stent was removed. Three months post-operation, a kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB) X-ray was performed, and this indicated that the left renal stone had disappeared. The recurrent back pain had also disappeared.
The patient in case 2 underwent a urological CT which indicated that there were some stone residues, smaller than 2 mm, in the right lower calyx. The ureteral stent was removed. The recurrent intermittent right lumbar pain and discomfort resolved.
During the 3-month followup, no postoperative complications, such as urinary infection or bleeding, occurred.
Discussion
Treatment of upper urinary tract stones smaller than 2 cm with flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy is considered the criterion standard [1]. Torricelli et al [2] reported that treatment of upper urinary tract stones in HIV-positive patients with percutaneous nephrolithotripsy is associated with an increased risk of complications compared with this treatment in ordinary patients, including a significantly increased risk of bleeding. This entails not only risk to the patient but also to the health care workers. Flexible ureteroscopy does not require sharp objects like scalpels or needles, which serves to minimize the possibility of sharp injuries to the operation team. Both cases were operated during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In addition to the regular protective equipment, COVID-19 essential protective personal equipment was also being used, including disposable coveralls, disposable shoe protective covers, and disposable particulate respirators.
Up to the present, HIV antiretroviral drugs are the most common cause of drug-associated renal stone formation [3,4]. Although the patients in both cases were on long-term oral HIV antiretroviral drugs, the analysis of stone composition was primary stone formation. Some scholars report that the risk of postoperative complications in patients with a CD4+ T lymphocyte count of ≥200 cells/µl is higher than that with patients with a CD4+ T lymphocyte count of <200 cells/µl [5,6]. The CD4+ T lymphocyte count in both of the present patients was ≥200 cells/ µl, and no significant postoperative complications occurred.
For flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy, using a traditional ru-fURS has its pros and cons. Cons include the high cost of procurement and maintenance [7,8], poor durability, decreased performance after repeated use, the risk of incomplete sterilization of the equipment, and damage to the lens during circulation [9]. The emergence of the su-fURS solves the above problems. Many reports have found that the overall medical expenditure [10] and the risk of postoperative infection and complications can be reduced by using a su-fURS [11]. From 2016 to 2021, our center has been using the Storz electronic fiberoptic ru-fURS. According to our statistics, ru-fURS devices suffered degradation after 17 operations. The minimum repair cost of a ru-fURS was USD$190 per use. The international data on how many operations can be performed before damage to ru-fURS occurs varies dramatically, ranging from 10 to 100 operations, and the cost of repair varies widely as well [7,12].
The emergence of LithoVue™ marked the era of merging disposable ureteral flexible scopes with electronic scopes [13]. The redpine disposable electronic ureteral flexible scope is one of many disposable electronic ureteral flexible scopes [14] that have begun to be independently developed in China. These scopes can achieve comparable clinical efficacy with scopes developed outside China [15,16]. Legemate et al [17] reported that 1 in 8 ru-fURS were found to have microbial contamination. Ofstrad et al [18] reported that the methods used to disinfect re-fURS in between use with different patients were inadequate. Tests found that 100% of the sterilized ru-fURS were contaminated, with 13% microbial growth and 63% hemoglobin. The hemoglobin contamination levels on the ru-fURS exceeded benchmarks for clean gastrointestinal endoscopes. As one of the routes of transmission of HIV is blood transmission, the use of a su-fURS for flexible ureteroscope lithotripsy can avoid the above risks and reduces the sterilization process.
Dusting and fragmentation with extraction approaches to ureteroscopic stone treatment have been a controversial topic [19]. Both treatment modalities are generally effective but each does have relative advantages and disadvantages. Su-fURS can retrieve more stones than ru-fURS [20]. Physicians have their own experiences in the management of upper urinary tract stones. Multescu et al [21] state that upper urinary tract stones smaller than 1 cm should be fragmented and removed by a stone retrieval basket. Renal stones larger than 1 cm should be first dusted to around 1 cm, and then fragmented into smaller pieces that can be extracted by a stone retrieval basket. We routinely apply this method in general flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy, including in these cases with HIV-positive patients. The method shows definite clinical effectiveness. We typically begin with 0.2 J single-frequency energy at 50 Hz to powder the renal stone. When the stone is powdered to around 1 cm, we switched to a 1.5 J single energy at 10 Hz to fragment the stone into smaller pieces. The stone fragments were then taken out with a stone retrieval basket.
Conclusions
The use of su-fURS is clinically effective in treating HIV-positive patients with upper urinary tract stones. After the operations, there were no urinary infections, bleeding, or other complications.
Figures
Figure 1.. Urological CT of patient 1 suggested a left ureteropelvic junction stone and left kidney stone (as labeled). Figure 2.. Urological CT of patient 2 suggested multiple renal stones in the right kidney (as labeled). Figure 3.. An X-ray of patient 1 showing that an f5 Polaris Ultra ureteral stent (as labeled) remained in place post-operation. Figure 4.. An X-ray of patient 2 showing that an f5 Polaris Ultra ureteral stent tube (as labeled) remained in place post-operation.References:
1.. Bultitude M, Smith D, Thomas K, Contemporary management of stone disease: The new EAU urolithiasis guidelines for 2015: Eur Urol, 2016; 69(3); 483-84
2.. Torricelli FC, Monga M, Dall’Aqua V, Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in immunocompromised patients: Outcomes from a matched case-control study: J Endourol, 2016; 30(12); 1326-31
3.. Izzedine H, Lescure FX, Bonnet F, HIV medication-based urolithiasis: Clin Kidney J, 2014; 7(2); 121-26
4.. Hamada Y, Nishijima T, Watanabe K, High incidence of renal stones among HIV-infected patients on ritonavir-boosted atazanavir than in those receiving other protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral therapy: Clin Infect Dis, 2012; 55(9); 1262-69
5.. Gervasoni C, Meraviglia P, Minisci D, Metabolic and kidney disorders correlate with high atazanavir concentrations in HIV-infected patients: Is it time to revise atazanavir dosages?: PLoS One, 2015; 10(4); e0123670
6.. Falahatkar S, Mokhtari G, Amin A, Comparison of the outcomes of complete supine percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with radiopaque and radiolucent kidney stones: Turk J Urol, 2017; 43(4); 490-96
7.. Legemate JD, Kamphuis GM, Freund JE, Durability of flexible uretero-scopes: A prospective evaluation of longevity, the factors that affect it, and damage mechanisms: Eur Urol Focus, 2019; 5(6); 1105-11
8.. Defidio L, De Dominicis M, Di Gianfrancesco L, Improving flexible ureterorenoscope durability up to 100 procedures: J Endourol, 2012; 26(10); 1329-34
9.. Higgins MM, Dugan A, Bell JR, Identifying a break in the chain: An analysis of where ureteroscope damage occurs in the hospital cycle: Urology, 2020; 141; 39-44
10.. Hennessey DB, Fojecki GL, Papa NP, Single-use disposable digital flexible ureteroscopes: An ex vivo assessment and cost analysis: BJU Int, 2018; 121(Suppl. 3); 55-61
11.. Bozzini G, Filippi B, Alriyalat S, Disposable versus reusable uretero-scopes: A prospective multicenter randomized comparison: Res Rep Urol, 2021; 13; 63-71
12.. Defidio L, De Dominicis M, Di Gianfrancesco L, Improving flexible ureterorenoscope durability up to 100 procedures: J Endourol, 2012; 26(10); 1329-34
13.. Doizi S, Kamphuis G, Giusti G, First clinical evaluation of a new single-use flexible ureteroscope (LithoVue™): A European prospective multi-centric feasibility study: World J Urol, 2017; 35(5); 809-18
14.. Emiliani E, Mercadé A, Millan F, Sánchez-Martín F, First clinical evaluation of the new single-use flexible and semirigid Pusen ureteroscopes: Cent European J Urol, 2018; 71(2); 208-13
15.. Patil A, Agrawal S, Singh A, A single-center prospective comparative study of two single-use flexible ureteroscopes: LithoVue (Boston Scientific, USA) and Uscope PU3022a (Zhuhai Pusen, China): J Endourol, 2021; 35(3); 274-78
16.. Qi S, Yang E, Bao J, Single-use versus reusable digital flexible uretero-scopes for the treatment of renal calculi: A prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial: J Endourol, 2020; 34(1); 18-24
17.. Legemate JD, Kamphuis GM, Freund JE, Pre-use ureteroscope contamination after high level disinfection: Reprocessing effectiveness and the relation with cumulative ureteroscope use: J Urol, 2019; 201(6); 1144-51
18.. Ofstead CL, Heymann OL, Quick MR, The effectiveness of sterilization for flexible ureteroscopes: A real-world study: Am J Infect Control, 2017; 45(8); 888-95
19.. Matlaga BR, Chew B, Eisner B, Ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy: A review of dusting vs fragmentation with extraction: J Endourol, 2018; 32(1); 1-6
20.. Göger YE, Özkent MS, Kılınç MT, Efficiency of retrograde intrarenal surgery in lower pole stones: Disposable flexible ureterorenoscope or reusable flexible ureterorenoscope?: World J Urol, 2021; 39(9); 3643-50
21.. Mulţescu R, Geavlete B, Georgescu D, Holmium laser intrarenal lithotripsy in pyelocaliceal lithiasis treatment: to dust or to extractable fragments?: Chirurgia (Bucur), 2014; 109(1); 95-98
Figures
In Press
Case report
Rare Case of Fusobacterium necrophorum Bacteremia and Pleural Empyema Originating from a Burn Ulcer in a 16...Am J Case Rep In Press; DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.945283
Case report
Acute Epiploic Appendagitis Mimicking Ovarian Torsion: A Case Report Highlighting Diagnostic ChallengesAm J Case Rep In Press; DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.944870
Case report
Rapid Recovery After Full Sternotomy Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Complex Cases: A Report of...Am J Case Rep In Press; DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.946043
Case report
Adrenal PEComa Treated by Surgical Resection and Postoperative Radiotherapy: A Case ReportAm J Case Rep In Press; DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.945177
Most Viewed Current Articles
21 Jun 2024 : Case report 78,043
Intracranial Parasitic Fetus in a Living Infant: A Case Study with Surgical Intervention and Prognosis Anal...DOI :10.12659/AJCR.944371
Am J Case Rep 2024; 25:e944371
07 Mar 2024 : Case report 46,099
Neurocysticercosis Presenting as Migraine in the United StatesDOI :10.12659/AJCR.943133
Am J Case Rep 2024; 25:e943133
10 Jan 2022 : Case report 32,953
A Report on the First 7 Sequential Patients Treated Within the C-Reactive Protein Apheresis in COVID (CACOV...DOI :10.12659/AJCR.935263
Am J Case Rep 2022; 23:e935263
23 Feb 2022 : Case report 21,399
Penile Necrosis Associated with Local Intravenous Injection of CocaineDOI :10.12659/AJCR.935250
Am J Case Rep 2022; 23:e935250