27 March 2023: Articles
An Isolated Laminar Osteoma Arising in the Maxillary Sinus
Rare disease
Takaharu Taketomi12ADEF*, Kouhei Imayama3BC, Ken Nakamura2BC, Jingo Kusukawa2ADOI: 10.12659/AJCR.938904
Am J Case Rep 2023; 24:e938904
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Osteomas are benign tumors characterized by proliferation of dense or trabecular bone. Most osteomas of the head and neck occur in the mandible, they rarely occur in the maxillary sinus, and free osteomas are extremely rare. While usually detected incidentally on plain radiographs, symptoms appear when the osteoma obstructs the sinus orifice or invades the adjacent orbit or intracranial structures. Herein, we report a case of a patient with an isolated laminar osteoma arising in the maxillary sinus.
CASE REPORT: A 52-year-old man presented to our hospital with a radiopaque mass in the right maxillary sinus. An oval mass of size 2.7×2.3 cm was observed in the right maxillary sinus on computed tomography, and no sinusitis was present. Under general anesthesia, the mass was removed orally via the modified Caldwell-Luc method. Histopathologic examination revealed layered compact bony tissue covered by the sinus membrane. The mass was free from the inferior wall of the right maxillary sinus, and a part of the mass was covered by the sinus membrane. The postoperative course was uneventful, and no recurrence was noted after 5 years.
CONCLUSIONS: We experienced a case of an extremely rare osteoma in the maxillary sinus. The osteoma was solitary and free within the maxillary sinus. The treatment performed was surgical excision using the modified Caldwell-Luc method. The cause of the free osteoma was thought to be odontogenic maxillary sinusitis caused by apical periodontitis of the nearby tooth.
Keywords: Maxillary Sinus, Osteoma, Male, Humans, Middle Aged, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Radiography, Anesthesia, General, Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms
Background
An osteoma is a benign tumor that develops through the proliferation of mature bone substance; osteomas are primarily composed of mature compact or trabecular bone [1]. The most common site of predilection is the mandible, followed by the paranasal sinuses. The anatomic location is the frontal sinus in 96% of cases, ethmoid sinus in 2% of cases, and maxillary sinus in 2% of cases [2]. Osteomas grow slowly and may spread to surrounding structures, resulting in serious complications such as orbital lesions and intracranial invasion before they are discovered incidentally during radiographic examination [3]. Additionally, most osteomas are usually contiguous with bone tissue and are rarely free [4]. In the present report, we describe our experience with a free osteoma arising in the maxillary sinus.
Case Report
A 52-year-old asymptomatic man was referred to our hospital by his general dentist who found a round radiopaque region in the right maxillary sinus. There were no special remarks in his history or his family history. His facial features were symmetrical, he had no nasal obstruction, and there was no tenderness or sensory abnormality in the right cheek or suborbital area. There was no buccal bulging of the right maxillary molar and no tenderness. Panoramic radiographs (Figure 1A) and computed tomography (CT) images (Figure 1B, 1C) showed a well-defined, round, 2.5×2 cm radiopaque mass protruding from the base of the right maxillary sinus into the maxillary sinus, with no continuity between the mass and the root of the right maxillary molar. An osteoma in the right maxillary sinus was diagnosed. We considered removing the lesion after it grew larger and symptoms occurred, but we also explained to the patient that although this was a benign tumor, there was a possibility of malignant transformation, even if rare. We further pointed out that the free osteoma might migrate to other sinuses such as the frontal sinus, in which case an extraoral approach would be necessary, and that scarring might occur outside the oral cavity. The patient provided informed consent for early removal, and the lesion was extracted using the modified Caldwell-Luc method under general anesthesia (Figure 2). A U-shaped bone window was created using an ultrasonic bone cutting device (“Piezosurgery®”) in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus at the level of the right maxillary molar, with the periosteum attached (Figure 2A). Subsequently, an osteotomy was performed at the upper edge of the window, and the mucoperiosteal valve was elevated and opened together with the anterior maxillary wall. A white bony hard spherical mass measuring 2.7×2.3 cm, surrounded by edematous maxillary sinus mucosa, was observed in the lower part of the maxillary sinus (Figure 2B). The mass was free within the maxillary sinus when the sinus was opened, which allowed easy removal of the mass. After removal, the bone wall was fixed in position and the wound was closed with absorbable sutures. The final histopathological diagnosis was laminar osteoma, and the tumor consisted of dense laminar bone tissue covered by the maxillary sinus mucosa (Figure 3A–3C). Panoramic radiographs and CT scans taken immediately after surgery confirmed the absence of residual lesions in the maxillary sinus, and subsequent followup panoramic radiographs were obtained every year, in consideration of both the time required for a benign osteoma to recur as well as the risks associated with radiation exposure. At present, 7 years have passed since the surgery without any recurrence.
Discussion
An osteoma is a fibrous and bony lesion of the sinuses found in 3% of sinus CT scans, most commonly in the frontal and ethmoid sinuses [5]. A study of 16 000 sinus X-ray films indicated that osteomas were present in 0.4% of the radiographs. Of this small number, only 5.1% of all sinus osteomas were in the maxillary sinus [6]. Osteoma in the maxillary sinus develops slowly and is often asymptomatic. However, nasal symptoms such as swelling, pain, nasal obstruction, and rhinor-rhea have been reported due to complications of sinusitis or pressure caused by the development of the osteoma [3]. The present case was incidentally discovered on a panoramic radiograph taken during dental treatment, and there were no subjective symptoms. Borumandi et al noted the association between Gardner syndrome and osteomas, especially cranio-facial osteomas [7]. In the present case, there were no dental anomalies such as embedded or supernumerary teeth, no history of gastrointestinal diseases such as colorectal polyps, and no family history of hereditary diseases, suggesting no association with genetic diseases such as Gardner syndrome.
Various theories (developmental, traumatic, and infectious) have been proposed for the pathogenesis of sinus osteoma. Varboncove et al [8] postulated that osteomas arise from embryonic cartilage remnants or a persistent periosteum. In other words, it has been suggested that an osteoma is a post-traumatic or post-inflammatory product, and a possible etiology is the stimulation of the embryonic cartilage remnants [8]. Kaplan et al also suggested that a combination of trauma and muscle traction may be involved in the development of osteomas [9]. In contrast, it has been reported that sinusitis mostly involves only the mucosa; however, sometimes the lesions spill over to the bone [10]. It has also been reported that chronic inflammation of the periosteum deep in the mucosa promotes bone formation, which is a factor in osteomas arising in the maxillary sinus [11]. Thus, no single theory can adequately explain osteomas, and the topic remains controversial.
Maxillary sinus osteomas are slow-growing and usually asymptomatic; however, their anterior extension can cause facial deformity. Further, their continued growth can completely obstruct the sinuses and nasal cavity, leading to the development of myxomas [12]. The symptoms include pain, swelling, sinusitis, and nasal discharge. Rarely, they may enlarge into the orbit, causing diplopia, ptosis, and vision loss. Koivunen et al reported that asymptomatic, small osteomas do not require surgical treatment and can be observed on routine radiographic imaging but should be excised when they fill 50% of the sinus volume [13]. Although the present case was asymptomatic, surgery was performed to confirm the diagnosis and avoid possible future inflammation. The patient had a free osteoma that had separated from the bone of the maxillary sinus wall; however, free osteomas that are separate within the maxillary sinus are extremely rare. Yamaguchi et al reported in a Japanese paper that the possible causes of free osteoma include (1) osteoma detachment from the sinus wall due to osteoclast action on the stem, and (2) inflammatory tissue destruction due to concomitant sinusitis; but it is difficult removed via endoscopy if it is small; however, the Caldwell-Luc method is known to be used to remove large osteomas. In the present case, we also considered different approaches; that is, open surgical versus endoscopic trans-nasal excision. However, if the osteoma is larger than the natural foramen, it is difficult to remove it nasally in a single lump [14]. In addition, we thought that the lesion might remain and cause inflammation if the osteoma was crushed into small pieces and then removed endoscopically. In this case, the osteoma was large, exceeding 2 cm; thus, the Caldwell-Luc technique was selected as the treatment method. Histopathologically, osteomas are classified into 3 types: compact osteoma, consisting of dense laminar bone without a marrow cavity; cancellous to determine the cause [4]. In the present case, the cause of the migration of the osteoma could not be identified. There was no history of trauma, and the thickening of the maxillary sinus mucosa and the presence of apical periodontitis in the right upper second molar suggested the involvement of chronic inflammation. Osteoma in the maxillary sinus can be osteoma, with a marrow cavity; or mixed type, with cancellous osteoma being the most common type [15]. The present case was of a compact osteoma, which is extremely rare among free maxillary sinus osteomas.
Conclusions
In this report, we present a case of a free osteoma in the maxillary sinus that was removed using the Caldwell-Luc method. Osteoma in the maxillary sinus is very rare, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in English of a free osteoma in the maxillary sinus. It was suggested that the cause of this free osteoma in the maxillary sinus may be related to maxillary sinusitis caused by tooth decay or other factors.
Figures
Figure 1.. (A) Panoramic radiograph showing radiopaque image in the right maxillary sinus. (B) CT image (sagittal) showing that the lesion is discontinuous with the root. (C) CT image (coronal) showing that the lesion is free from the lateral and inferior wall of the maxillary sinus. CT – computed tomography. Figure 2.. (A) Caldwell-Luc method to open the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus. (B) Removal of the free osteoma from the open window area. Figure 3.. Histopathology with hematoxylin and eosin staining. (A) Loupe image of excised osteoma (reconstructed segmented section). (B) Low magnification (×40). Atrophic maxillary sinus mucosa can be seen on the osteoma surface. (C) High magnification (×200). Dense osteoma composed of dense laminar plate bone with poor bone marrow cavity.References:
1.. Zouloumis L, Lazaridis N, Maria P, Epivatianos A, Osteoma of the ethmoidal sinus: A rare case of recurrence: Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2005; 43(6); 520-22
2.. Viswanatha B, Maxillary sinus osteoma: Two cases and review of the literature: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital, 2012; 32(3); 202-5
3.. Lin CJ, Lin YS, Kang BH, Middle turbinate osteoma presenting with ipsilateral facial pain, epiphora, and nasal obstruction: Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2003; 128(2); 282-83
4.. Yamaguchi M, Masaki H, Yajima Y, A case of osteoma in maxillary sinus and a review of literature: Jpn J Oral Maxillofacial Surg, 1986; 32(6); 972-83
5.. Eller R, Sillers M, Common fibro-osseous lesions of the paranasal sinuses: Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 2006; 39(3); 585-600
6.. Eckel W, Palm D, Statistische unde rantgenologische Untersuchungen ei-niger Fragen des Nebenhohlenosteoma: Arch Ohren-Nasen-Kehlkopfheilk, 1959; 147-440 [in German]
7.. Borumandi F, Lukas H, Yousefi B, Gaggl A, Maxillary sinus osteoma: From incidental finding to surgical management: J Oral Maxillofac Pathol, 2013; 17(2); 318
8.. Varboncoeur AP, Vanbelois HJ, Bowen LL, Osteoma of the maxillary sinus: J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 1990; 48(8); 882-83
9.. Kaplan I, Calderon S, Buchner A, Peripheral osteoma of the mandible: A study of 10 new cases and analysis of the literature: J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 1994; 52(5); 467-70
10.. Dalambiras S, Boutsioukis C, Tilaveridis I, Peripheral osteoma of the maxilla: Report of an unusual case: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 2005; 100(1); e19-24
11.. Sugiyama M, Suei Y, Takata T, Simos C, Radiopaque mass at the mandibular ramus: J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2001; 59(10); 1211-14
12.. Seward MH, An osteoma of the maxilla: Br Dent J, 1965; 118; 27-30
13.. Koivunen P, Löppönen H, Fors AP, Jokinen K, The growth rate of osteomas of the paranasal sinuses: Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci, 1997; 22(2); 111-14
14.. Aydın Ü, Aşık B, Ahmedov A, Durmaz A, Osteoma and ectopic tooth of the left maxillary sinus: A unique coexistence: Balkan Med J, 2016; 33(4); 473-76
15.. Bhatt G, Gupta S, Ghosh S, Central osteoma of maxilla associated with an impacted tooth: Report of a rare case with literature review: Head Neck Pathol, 2019; 13(4); 554-61
Figures
In Press
Case report
Effective Acupuncture in Treating Decade-Long Occipital Neuralgia in an Elderly PatientAm J Case Rep In Press; DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.945546
Case report
Necrobiotic Pulmonary Nodules in Ulcerative Colitis: A Rare Case ReportAm J Case Rep In Press; DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.944005
Case report
Acute Heart Failure and Complete Heart Block in a Patient with Recurrent Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A C...Am J Case Rep In Press; DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.945085
Case report
Successful Triple Flap Procedure for Thumb Reconstruction in Severe Hand Crush InjuryAm J Case Rep In Press; DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.945759
Most Viewed Current Articles
21 Jun 2024 : Case report 77,537
Intracranial Parasitic Fetus in a Living Infant: A Case Study with Surgical Intervention and Prognosis Anal...DOI :10.12659/AJCR.944371
Am J Case Rep 2024; 25:e944371
07 Mar 2024 : Case report 45,852
Neurocysticercosis Presenting as Migraine in the United StatesDOI :10.12659/AJCR.943133
Am J Case Rep 2024; 25:e943133
10 Jan 2022 : Case report 32,861
A Report on the First 7 Sequential Patients Treated Within the C-Reactive Protein Apheresis in COVID (CACOV...DOI :10.12659/AJCR.935263
Am J Case Rep 2022; 23:e935263
23 Feb 2022 : Case report 21,213
Penile Necrosis Associated with Local Intravenous Injection of CocaineDOI :10.12659/AJCR.935250
Am J Case Rep 2022; 23:e935250