22 April 2025: Articles
Innovative Callus Release Technique for Closed Reduction in Old Fractures: Case Studies and Methodology
Unusual clinical course, Challenging differential diagnosis, Unusual or unexpected effect of treatment, Diagnostic / therapeutic accidents, Clinical situation which can not be reproduced for ethical reasons
Ahmed Mohamed Oun1ABCDEFG, Mansour M. Aldhilan
DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.946876
Am J Case Rep 2025; 26:e946876
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In modern limb fracture management, particularly in children, image-guided closed reduction and percutaneous fixation are commonly employed. However, for older, displaced fractures, achieving closed reduction may be challenging or even unfeasible, often necessitating open reduction, which carries a higher risk of complications. We utilized K wires to fragment the fibrous callus and facilitate callus fragmentation in 2 patients with old fractures. In both cases, successful fracture reduction was achieved using a closed technique, followed by percutaneous K wire fixation.
CASE REPORT: Patient 1 was a 10-year-old girl who presented 10 days after sustaining a fully displaced fracture of the left radial neck due to trauma. Closed reduction under general anesthesia was unsuccessful. We employed percutaneous K wires to fragment the fibrous callus at the fracture site, enabling successful reduction and subsequent fixation. Patient 2 was a 50-year-old woman who presented with a displaced fracture at the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger, initially treated with closed reduction and cast immobilization. At a follow-up examination 2 weeks later, the fracture was found to be fully displaced. Attempts at closed reduction under ring block anesthesia were unsuccessful. A percutaneous K wire was utilized to fragment the fibrous callus, enabling successful reduction and fixation.
CONCLUSIONS: The technique of fibrous callus fragmentation and closed reduction, followed by percutaneous K wire fixation, offers an effective approach for managing neglected, displaced fractures of the radial neck and the proximal phalanx of the little finger. This method allows for closed reduction and internal fixation in these challenging peri-articular fracture locations.
Keywords: Case Reports, Fracture Fixation, Fractures, Closed
Introduction
Current limb fracture management, especially in children, relies on image-guided closed reduction and percutaneous fixation of many types of fractures, including fractures of the neck of the radius, and most hand and foot fractures [1–4]. This protocol decreases morbidity and facilities postoperative recovery. Instead of extensive dissection of soft tissue around the fracture site, percutaneous techniques have unique advantages, including preservation of soft tissues, less blood loss, lower risk of complications, and minimal scar formation and stiffness, which enables earlier functional rehabilitation [5,6]. However, for late and old (missed or neglected) displaced fractures, closed reduction can be difficult or even impossible, and most cases need open reduction, which has higher rates of complications, as previously reported with open reduction of fracture neck of the radius [7].
Yin et al [8] presented a method of percutaneous callus release followed by dynamic distraction external fixation (DDEF) to manage delayed presentation fracture-dislocations of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint and treated 3 patients with this manner. Recently, Wu et al [9] reported the treatment of 16 pediatric patients with supracondylar humeral fractures who presented ≥14 days after trauma. All cases were treated by closed reduction and percutaneous K wire fixation after undergoing a “percutaneous K wire drill-and-pry” operation. We used the same technique of callus release in 2 patients with old fractures – one in the radial neck and the other in the proximal phalanx of the little finger. The fractures were fixed after reduction by percutaneous K wires.
Case Reports
CASE 1:
A 10-year-old girl presented to our department 10 days after sustaining left elbow trauma. An above-elbow plaster splint was applied to her left upper limb at a peripheral hospital. She presented to our hospital for a second opinion 10 days after the trauma. Plain radiographs showed a fully displaced fracture of the neck of the left radius, Judet type III (Figure 1A). The posterior splint was removed and a trial of closed reduction under conscious sedation failed to achieve reduction. Her parents were counselled on the need for a trial of intraoperative closed reduction under general anesthesia, and if that failed, open reduction might be required, to be followed in either case by K wire fixation. Her father accepted the treatment plan and signed an informed consent form. Closed reduction in the operating room under general anesthesia failed to achieve reduction. We then tried reduction using the Metaizeau method [1], in which a K wire was inserted into the medullary canal of the radius from the distal radial metaphysis and was hammered upwards until its point reached the inferior surface of the displaced epiphysis. Unfortunately, the trial for manipulation of the displaced epiphysis under C-arm control failed. Therefore, 2 K wire were inserted percutaneously at the callus site and were used to fragment the early callus. The 2 percutaneous K wires with the help of the intra-medullary K wire were used to push the epiphysis into its correct anatomical position. The intramedullary K wire was used for fixation of the reduced epiphysis while the other 2 K wires were removed (Figure 1B, 1C). The elbow was fixed in 90 degrees of flexion on a posterior splint. Postoperative plain radiographs show excellent reduction of the radial head in its normal position (Figure 1D) The patient was discharged from the hospital after 24 hours and was followed up in the outpatient clinic by plain radiographs at 1, 2, 3, and 6 weeks after the operation. The intramedullary K wire was removed after 6 weeks. The patient received physiotherapy to achieve full elbow range of motion. Three months after the operation, she had full range of elbow flexion-extension, as well as full range of supination-pronation movements of the forearm, and plain radiographs showed fully healed and remodelled fracture callus (Figure 2A, 2B).
CASE 2:
A 50-year-old woman presented to the emergency department after right-hand trauma caused by a heavy object falling on her finger. On examination, there was severe tenderness, discoloration, and deformity of the right little finger, but the sensation and vascularity of the finger were intact. Plain radiographs showed a displaced fracture at the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger. Closed reduction and cast immobilization were done and the anatomical position was seen as acceptable. She was lost to follow-up and presented 2 weeks after the original trauma with a fully displaced fracture (Figure 3). Closed reduction under ring anesthesia failed to achieve the correct anatomical positioning of the displaced fracture. Under general anesthesia, callus release was performed using a K wire inserted at the fracture site and used for fragmentation of the formed soft callus and reduction of the fracture (Figure 4A, 4B). Percutaneous fixation by 2 K wires was done (Figure 4C). Postoperative plain radiographs (Figure 5) showed excellent reduction and fixation of the fracture. The patient was discharged from the hospital after 24 hours and was followed up in the outpatient clinic by plain radiographs at 1 and 3 weeks after the operation. She received physiotherapy to achieve full range of motion of the little finger. Three months after the operation, she had full range of motion in all joints of the little finger.
Discussion
Using our technique of callus release, we were able to free the displaced fracture fragment from the early formed callus, which enables closed reduction of the fractured fragment to its original position. Percutaneous fixation in a good/excellent position was achieved by K wires. According to our hospital protocol, plain radiographs were sufficient to plan surgery and there was no indication for pre- or postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans. Both surgeries were performed under C-arm control.
Our cases have some similarities to the 3 patients with fracture-dislocations of the (PIP) joint reported by Yin et al [8], who were treated by callus release followed by external fixator application. However, because the nature of the fractures was different in our cases, percutaneous K wire fixation was the best option. In 2023, Wu et al [9], reported clinical outcomes of 16 patients who underwent closed reduction with percutaneous K wire drill-and-pry technique for the delayed treatment of pediatric patients with supracondylar humeral fractures who presented ≥14 days after trauma with bony callus formation. Our technique has similarities to techniques used by Yin et al [8], but none of their patients had fractures of the neck of the radius or fingers. Also, patient 2 in our report was an adult.
In case 1, after callus release, reduction of the fracture of the neck of the radius was achieved using the Metaizeau method [1], in which a K wire was inserted into the medullary canal of the radius from the distal radial metaphysis and hammered upwards until its point reached the inferior surface of the displaced epiphysis. Under C-arm control, the displaced epiphysis was manipulated to reduce it. As reduction was difficult with the intramedullary K wire alone, 2 percutaneous K wires were used to release the callus and push the epiphysis to its correct anatomical position. The intramedullary K wire was used for fixation of the reduced epiphysis [4,10].
Our report has limitations. First, it consists of only 2 cases from a single center. Second, the follow-up period was short. However, in some selected cases, percutaneous callus release of late fractures followed by percutaneous fixation by K wires is a promising technique as a salvage operation to avoid all the hazards of open reduction. From the previously reported cases in addition to our 2 cases, it seems that the technique is applicable in various peri-articular late, old, and displaced fractures in pediatric as well as adult patients. In conclusion, the technique of callus release followed by percutaneous K wire fixation for old displaced fractures of the radial neck and proximal phalanx of the little finger enables closed reduction and internal fixation of late-displaced fractures at these 2 periarticular locations.
Conclusions
The technique of callus release and closed reduction followed by percutaneous K wire fixation for late-displaced fractures of the radial neck and proximal phalanx of the little finger enables closed reduction and internal fixation of neglected displaced fractures at these 2 peri-articular locations. Further level 1 and 2 studies are needed on this topic.
Figures
References:
1.. Metaizeau JP, Lascombes P, Lemelle JL, Reduction and fixation of displaced radial neck fractures by closed intramedullary pinning: J Pediatr Orthop, 1993; 13; 355-60
2.. Stavrakakis IM, Tourvas EA, Magarakis GE, Operative treatment of acute shaft and neck lesser metatarsals fractures: A systematic review of the literature: Eur J Orth Surg Traumatol, 2021; 31(7); 1263-71
3.. Yang L, Yang X, Zuo J, A retrospective review of 101 operatively treated radial neck fractures in children and analysis of risk factors for functional outcomes: Injury, 2022; 53; 3310-16
4.. Fan Y, Xu W, Liu Q, Modified Kirschner wire percutaneous rotation prying reduction combined with elastic stable intramedullary nailing in children with Judet IV radial neck fracture: BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2023; 24(1); 881
5.. Chang HR, Yu YY, Ju LL, Percutaneous reduction and internal fixation for monocondylar fractures of tibial plateau: A systematic review: Orthop Surg, 2018; 10(2); 77-83
6.. Geissler WB, Cannulated percutaneous fixation of intra-articular hand fractures: Hand Clin, 2006; 22(3); 297-305
7.. Tarallo L, Mugnai R, Fiacchi F, Management of displaced radial neck fractures in children: Percutaneous pinning vs. elastic stable intramedullary nailing: J Orthop Traumatol, 2013; 14(4); 291-97
8.. Yin CY, Huang HK, Wang JP, Callus release and dynamic external fixation for delayed presentation of proximal interphalangeal joint fracture-dislocations: J Hand Surg Eur Vol, 2020; 45(2); 195-97
9.. Wu X, Lin R, Chen J, Chen S, Closed reduction with percutaneous Kirschner wire drill-and-pry for pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures with bony callus formation and delayed presentation: Injury, 2023; 54(2); 547-51
10.. Meng H, Li M, Jie Q, Wu Y, Effect analysis of different methods on radial neck fracture in children: Sci Rep, 2023; 13; 1181
Figures
In Press
Case report
Am J Case Rep In Press; DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.946411
Case report
Am J Case Rep In Press; DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.946041
Case report
Am J Case Rep In Press; DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.947953
Case report
Am J Case Rep In Press; DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.946932
Most Viewed Current Articles
21 Jun 2024 : Case report
96,778
DOI :10.12659/AJCR.944371
Am J Case Rep 2024; 25:e944371
07 Mar 2024 : Case report
52,393
DOI :10.12659/AJCR.943133
Am J Case Rep 2024; 25:e943133
20 Nov 2023 : Case report
31,818
DOI :10.12659/AJCR.941424
Am J Case Rep 2023; 24:e941424
18 Feb 2024 : Case report
23,483
DOI :10.12659/AJCR.943030
Am J Case Rep 2024; 25:e943030